Life and Work of Statisticians

Click here for portraits of statisticians

Click here for other material relating to the history of statistics

Click here for biographical information on the website of the American Statistical Association

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics Page due to John Aldrich, University of Southampton

Arbuthnot, John, 1667-1735

• An Argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant Regularity observ'd in the Births of both Sexes, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 27 (1710), 186-190, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Arbuthnot's data of christenings in London for the years 1629-1710 (males for 82 years, then females for 82 years)
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• La logique de Port-Royal...
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Brief lives of statisticians (Graunt, Halley and Petty), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Brief lives of other mathematicians
• Biography

• Calcul des Probabilités (1912).
• Biography

• Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics
• Article from the Manchester Guardian for Wednesday, June 29, 1892, pdf file or LaTeX source

• Thomas Bayes, F.R.S.: A biography to celebrate the tercentenary of his birth (with discussion), by D R Bellhouse, Statistical Science, 19 (2004), 3-43 (pdf)
• On some recently discovered manuscripts of Thomas Bayes by D R Bellhouse (from Historia Mathematica 29 (2002), 383-394) (pdf)
• Book about Thomas Bayes by Andrew Dale Reference in Google Book Search and Publishers information. Also review of above: pdf or LaTeX source.
• Places relating to Bayes, Price, Simpson, Petty and others
• Thomas Bayes, F.R.S. - 1701?-1761 and a possible portrait of him HTML, pdf file or LaTeX source
• The portrait discussed in the article above.
• Thomas Bayes - A Biographical Note by G A Barnard pdf file or LaTeX source
• Thomas Bayes - from Notes and Queries for 1941 pdf file or LaTeX source
• The Reverend Thomas Bayes, F.R.S. (1702-1761) by J D Holland
• Chapter XIV: Bayes, from I Todhunter, A History of the Mathematical Theory of Probability from the time of Pascal to that of Laplace pdf file or LaTeX source
• Thomas Bayes by Augustus De Morgan from Notes and Queries (2) 9 (1860 January 7), 9-10 pdf file or LaTeX source
• An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 53 (1763), 370-418, pdf file of original or LaTeX source of the latter
• The "Billiard Table" (gif) or The "Billiard Table" (eps)
• Figure illustrating Prop. 10 (gif) or Figure illustrating Prop. 10 (eps)
• A letter from the late Reverend Mr. Thomas Bayes, F.R.S. to John Canton, M.A. and F.R.S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 53 (1763), 269-271, pdf file of original or LaTeX source of the latter
• A Demonstration of the Second Rule in the Essay towards the Solution of a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances. Communicated by the Rev. Mr. Richard Price, in a Letter to Mr. John Canton, M.A. F.R.S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 54 (1764), 296-325, pdf file of original
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Life and work on probability.

• The Bernoulli Family Tree
• The Bernoulli Family. From A Short Account of the History of Mathematics by W W Rouse Ball

• The Bernoulli edition
• Correspondence of Nicholas Bernoulli concerning the St Petersburg game with Montmort, Daniel Bernoulli and Cramer.
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Ars Conjectandi (published posthumously in 1713)
  English translation of Part Four Chapters I to IV by Oscar Sheynin
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• On series or sequences in the Genoise lottery, Histoire de l'Académie des sciences et belles lettres de Berlin for 1769, Vol. 25 (1771), 234-253.
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• De Usu Artis conjectandi in jure (full text in English)
• De Usu Artis conjectandi in jure, Chapter VII (HTML file)
  De Usu Artis conjectandi in jure, Chapter VII (pdf file)
• Correspondence of Nicholas Bernoulli concerning the St Petersburg game with Montmort, Daniel Bernoulli and Cramer. (1713-1732).
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Calcul des probabilités (1889).
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• George Boole, from Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century by A Macfarlane, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Das Gesetz der kleinen Zahlen (1896)
• Die iterationen. Ein beitrag zur wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie (1917).
• Biography from St Andrews University site
• The "horse-kicks" example in German with English translation, pdf file or LaTeX source

• A L Bowley, Elements of Statistics, Part II, Chapter X (a Pearsonian approach to chi-squared), pdf file or LaTeX source (4th edn, 1920).
• Biography

Bravais, Auguste, 1811-1863

• The Origins of Correlation and Regression: Francis Galton or Auguste Bravais and the Error Theorists? By Daniel J. Denis (York University)
• Figure 1: Bravais's geometric discovery of the normal surface [Reprinted from Walker, 1929]
• Wikipedia article

• Biography of Cardano by Richard S Westfall
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Chartism (1839) Chapter II. Statistics, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Biography from St Andrews University site

Chauvenet, William, 1820-1870

• A Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy ... with an Appendix on the Method of Least Squares (1871).
• Biography

• Œuvres de P. L. Tchebychef, publiées par les soins de MM. A. Markoff et N. Sonin
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Eugenics and Other Evils (1917).
• Resources (including brief biography) about G K Chesterton

Cheysson, Emile, 1836-1910

• Les méthodes de statistique graphique à l'exposition universelle de 1878. pdf file
• Biography

• A Statistician's Apology

• Exposition de la Théorie des Chances et des Probabilités (1843).
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics
• To my fellow-disciples at Saratoga Springs (1895), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Biography

• Correspondence of Nicholas Bernoulli concerning the St Petersburg game with Montmort, Daniel Bernoulli and Cramer. (1713-1732).
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics
• Extract from 'Old memories interviewed', The Living Age 195 (Issue 2523) (1892 Nov 5), 372-383 (extract from page 379)
• Complete article

• "But you have to remember P J Daniell of Sheffield", by J Aldrich, from Electronic Journ@l for the History of Probability and Statistics, December 2007.

• Various contributions by d'Alembert to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts, et des Métiers of Diderot are available via the website of Richard L Puskamp. Also available there are extracts from the Opuscules Mathématiques, the Mélanges de Philosophie and the Encyclopédie Mathématiques.
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Supplementum ad Summum Terminorum Binomii (a + b)ⁿ in Seriem expansi,
  pdf file or LaTeX source
• Papers on de Moivre by Karl Pearson and R.C. Archibald, pdf file or LaTeX source
• The Docrine of Chances (full text from Google)
• The Game of Rencontre (extracted from The Doctrine of Chances, 3rd edn 1756, pp. 109-117)
• Problem XXXIX from The Doctrine of Chances, 3rd edn.
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Augustus De Morgan from Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century by A Macfarlane, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Review of Laplace by Augustus De Morgan, Dublin Review 2 (1837), 338-354 & 3 (1838), 237-248, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Biography from St Andrews University site

Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield, 1804-1881

• Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics

• Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology (1885).
• Biography

• Bibliography: Selected Papers
• Places relating to Edgeworth, Jevons, Fisher, Pearson and Marx
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• 1971 ASA Presidential address, "The Development of the Concept of the Best Mean of a Set of Measurements from Antiquity to the Present Day" (Unpublished 1974 typescript)

• The Euler Archive
• Various contributions by Euler are available via the website of Richard L Puskamp.
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• William Farr: Campaigning statistician by Stephen Halliday

• Johann Faulhaber and Sums of Powers, (D E Knuth), Mathematics of Computation 61 (1993), 277-294.

• Elements of Psychophysics, Sections VII and XIV (1860/1912).
• Introduction to Elements of Psychophysics by Robert H Woziak
• Links from the History of Psychology website
• Biography

• Biography by Darko Zubrinic
• Biography from St Andrews site
• Some of Feller's papers available online

• Biography of Fermat by Richard S Westfall
• Correspondence with Blaise Pascal, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Biography from St Andrews University site
• Biography from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edn, 1908) by W W Rouse Ball

• Collected Papers
• Digital Archive
• Statistical Methods for Research Workers (1st edn, 1925)
• Review of the 1st edition of Statistical Methods for Research Workers by Harold Hotelling
• Review of Statistical Methods for Research Workers by "Student" (William Sealy Gosset)
• Review of Statistical Methods for Research Workers by E S Pearson
• Smoking: The Cancer Controversy
• Major site about R A Fisher due to John Aldrich
• Main document from above
• Note on Dr Burnside's recent paper on errors of observation, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 21 (1923), 655-658 (rigorous derivation of Student's results) pdf file or LaTeX source
• Places relating to Edgeworth, Jevons, Fisher, Pearson and Marx
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Abrégé des combinaisons, Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences Depuis 1666 jusqu'à 1699, Volume V, pp. 118-123.
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Fragment on Dice, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Major site about Francis Galton due to Gavan Tredoux
• Bibliography: Selected Papers and References to Them
• Application of the method of percentiles to Mr Yule's data from the distribution of pauperism (paper from Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 59 (1896), 392-396) (pdf file)
• Bibliography (click on "Bibliography")
• Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. Nnote on Reproductive Selection, by Karl Pearson, communicated by F Galton (paper in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 59 (1896), 398-402) (pdf file)
• Co-relations and their Measurement, chiefly from Anthropometric Data (Paper on correlation in Proceedings of the Royal Society 45 (1888), 135-145), pdf file or LaTeX source
  • Table II from above as a data file suitable for submission to the R program and a program to read that data into R
  • Table III from above (set Landscape), pdf file or LaTeX source
  • Figure from above (gif) or Figure from above (eps)
• Correlations and their Measurement, chiefly from Anthropometric Data (Paper on correlation in Nature 39 (1889), 238), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Dice for Statistical experiments (paper from Nature 42 (1890), 13-14) (pdf file)
• English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nature
• Family Tree
• Hereditary Genius
• Kinship and correlation (paper from North American Review 150 (1890), 419-431) (HTML file)
• Hereditary stature, Nature 15 (1886), Jan. 28, pp. 295-298, Feb.4, p. 317 and June 10, p. 137 pdf file or LaTeX source
• The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton by Karl Pearson, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 1 1914, Vol. 2 1923, Vols 3A and 3B 1930 (Full text in PDF Format) (click on"Biography")
• Memories of My Life, London: Methuen 1908 (click on "Biography")
• Natural Inheritance
• A new step in statistical science (Letter to Nature 51 (1895), 319 (pdf file)
• Noteworthy Families (Modern Science)
• Obituary by Karl Pearson [?] (from Nature 85 (1911), 440-445, pdf file or LaTeX source 440-445) (pdf file)
• Obituary (from Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 74 (1911), 314-320) (pdf file)
• Probability, the Foundation of Eugenics
• Record of Family Faculties. Consisting of Tabular Forms and Directions for Entering Data with an Explanatory Preface
• Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature, Journal of the Anthropological Institute 15 (1886), 246-263, pdf file or LaTeX source
  • Table I from above (set Landscape), pdf file or LaTeX source
  • Table I from above as a data file suitable for submission to the R program and a program to read that data into R
  • Table I from above (gif) or Table I from above (eps)
  • Plate IX from above (gif) or Plate IX from above (eps)
  • Table IV from above (gif) or Table IV from above (eps)
  • Plate X from above (gif) or Plate X from above (eps)
• University College London: Galton Papers
• The Origins of Correlation and Regression: Francis Galton or Auguste Bravais and the Error Theorists? By Daniel J. Denis (York University)
• Figure 1 from above: Bravais's geometric discovery of the normal surface [Reprinted from Walker, 1929]
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Chart [or map] shewing the succession, places & mode of origin of the first 200 cases of the Cholera in Manchester, from
  The origin and progress of the malignant cholera in Manchester, considered chiefly in their bearing on the contagiousness and secondary causes of the disease, London 1833. Chart reduced to 1/4 size or Chart in greater detail.
• The entire book can be found online at http://archive.org/details/originandprogre00gaulgoog

• Application of the Method of Least Squares to the Elements of the Planet Pallas, pdf file or LaTeX source
• On the Determination of the Precision of Observations (Zeitschrift für Astronomie und Vervandte Wissenschaften, Volume I, page 185), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Application of Calculus of Probabilities to a Problem in Practical Geometry (Extract from a letter of Gauss to Schumacher, Astronomische Nachrichten), Vol.1, p.80, pdf file or LaTeX source
• On the Chronometric Determination of Longitude (Astronomische Nachrichten, Volume V, page 227), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Gottinger Digitalisierungs-Zentrum: The Collected Works (and much else) can easily be found by a Simple Search by Author.
• Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• The probable error of a mean [Paper on the t-test], Biometrika 6 (1908), pp. 1-25, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Diagram I Diagram II Diagram III Diagram IV (gif files)
• Diagram I Diagram II Diagram III Diagram IV (eps files)
• Review of R A Fisher's Statistical Methods for Research Workers by "Student" (William Sealy Gosset)
• Biography from St Andrews University site
• Obituary by R A Fisher from Annals of Eugenics 9 (1939), 1-9

• Biography of Graunt by Richard S Westfall
• Brief lives of statisticians (Graunt, Halley and Petty), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Natural and Political OBSERVATIONS Mentioned in a following INDEX, and made upon the Bills of Mortality digitized by Ed Stephan
• Natural and Political OBSERVATIONS Mentioned in a following INDEX, and made upon the Bills of Mortality digitized by Google (with the Economic Writings of Sir Williaqm Petty)
• Other infomation on Graunt assembled by Ed Stephan
• Biography on Ed Stephan's site

• Anders Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and their applications before 1750, New York, etc.: Wiley 1986.
  • Table of Contents
• Anders Hald, A History of Mathematical Statistics from 1750 to 1930, New York, etc.: Wiley 1998.
  • Table of Contents and Bibliography
• Anders Hald, A history of parametric statistical inference from Bernoulli to Fisher, 1713-1935, New York, etc.: Springer, 2007.
  • Table of Contents
• Obituaries

• "An estimate of the degrees of the mortality of mankind, drawn from curious tables of the births and funerals at the city of Breslaw; with an attempt to ascertain the price of annuities upon lives" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 17 (1693), 596-610 and 654-656. Reprinted, edited with an introduction by L.J. Reid, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press 1942, pdf file (original paper) and pdf file ("Some further considerations") or LaTeX source of both parts
• First figure from the above papers (gif) or First figure from the above papers (eps)
• Second figure from the above papers (gif) or Second figure from the above papers (eps)
• Tables from the above paper or in a form for input to R or S-Plus.
• Lexis diagram as file using the figures in Halley's paper and program for submission to the R program or to S-plus to produce it. For an explanation, see A Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and their Applications before 1750, New York, etc: Wiley 1990.
• Version edited by Matthias Böhne
• Biography from Wikipedia
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Hankins, Frank Hamilton, Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician

• The Calculation of the Probable Error from the Squares of the Adjusted Direct Observations of Equal Precision and Fechner's Formula pdf file or LaTeX source (translation from Annotated Readings in the History of Statistics edited by H A David and A W F Edwards of Die Genauigkeit der Formel von Peters zur Berechnung des wahrscheinlichen Fehlers directer Beobachtungen gleicher Genauigkeit, Astronomische Nachrichten 88 (1876), columns 113-132. Columns 120-124 translated by H A David.
• Die Ausgleichsrechnung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate
• Biography

• The teaching of statistics and probability, Statistical Science 3 (1) (1988), 63-71 reprinted from Annals of Mathematical Statistics 11 (1940), 457-470.
• The place of statistics in the university, Statistical Science 3 (1) (1988), 72-83 reprinted from Proceedings of the Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability (ed. J Neyman), Berkeley: California U. Press 1949, pp. 21-40.
• Comment: Academic politics and the teaching of statistics, Statistical Science 3 (1) (1988), 92-95
• Harold Hotelling 1895-1973 by Adrian C Darnell Statistical Science 3 (1) (1988), 57-62.

• Libellus de Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae, (1714 translation by W Browne) (reprint) pdf file or LaTeX source
• Libellus de Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae, (1714 translation by W Browne) (original form) pdf file
• Biography from St Andrews University site
• Oeuvres Complètes

• Detailed table of contents of Theory of Probability, (much fuller than in the book itself) pdf file or LaTeX source
• Harold Jeffreys as a Statistician
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• William Stanley Jevons Homepage due to Bert Mosselmans
• Places relating to Edgeworth, Jevons, Fisher, Pearson and Marx
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Gregory King's estimate of population and wealth, England and Wales, 1688
• Biography

• Site devoted to the life and work of Kolmogorov
• Foundations of the Theory of Probability
• Biography of Kolmogorov by Paul M B Vitanyi

• Sur l'integration d'une Équation Différentielle à différence finies qui contient la théorie des suites récurrentes, Miscellanea Taurinesia, T. 1, 1759.
• Recherches sur le suites récurrentes ..., Nouvelles Mémoires de l'Académie royales des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin, 1775.1.
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Examination of a kind of Superstition reduced to the Calculus of probability (Nouveaux Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres 1711, pp. 411-420.
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Review of Laplace by Augustus De Morgan, Dublin Review 2 (1837), 338-354 & 3 (1838), 237-248, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Théorie Analytique des Probabilités
• Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilités (1814 edn from Google)
• Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilités (1840 edn from Toronto)
• Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (from Google)
• Exposition du système du monde
• System of the World (from Google)
• Exposition du Système du Monde (from Google)
• Trésors et raretés : une Anthologie virtuelle des collections
• Laplace's Memoir on the probability of the causes of events (Mémoire sur les probabiliés des causes par les évènements) Mémoires de l'Academie royale des sciences de Paris (1774), 634-656.
• Mémoires sur les approximations des formules qui sont fonctions de très grands nombres, suite (English translation), Mémoires de l'Academie royale des sciences de Paris (1783).
• Various contributions by Laplace are available via the website of Richard L Puskamp.
• Biography from St Andrews University site
• Biography from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edn, 1908) by W W Rouse Ball
• Entry from the Catholic Encyclopedia

• On Least Squares, from Nouvelles Méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes (1805), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Nouvelles Méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes avec un supplément contenant divers perfectionnemens et leur application aux deux comètes de 1805 (1806), Appendice: Sur la Méthode des moindres quarrés pdf file
• Biography from St Andrews University site

Lexis, Wilhelm, 1837-1914

• Lexis diagram as file using the figures in Halley's paper and program for submission to the R program or to S-plus to produce it. For an explanation, see A Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and their Applications before 1750, New York, etc: Wiley 1990.
• Contributions from the margins. Dutch statisticians, actuaries and medical doctors and the methods of demography in the time of Wilhelm Lexis by Henk A Gans and Frans von Poppel

• Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century, New York: Wiley and London: Chapman and Hall 1916. George Peacock, Augustus De Morgan, Sir William Rowan Hamilton, George Boole, Arthur Cayley, William Kingdom Clifford, Henry John Stephen Smith, John Joseph Sylvester, Thomas Penyngton Kirkman, Isaac Todhunter.

• Letter on ‘National Pensions’ to The National Observer in 1891; LaTeX source.

• An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798).
• Biography and links

Markov (= Markoff), Andrei Andreevich 1856-1922

• Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (1912).
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Memoir on probability in the game of rencontre, dedicated to the masters of the college of Werder, his old colleagues. (1846).

• Napoleon's army in Russia (gif) or Napoleon's army in Russia (eps) file from E J Marey, La Méthode Graphique (Paris 1885), p.73, reproduced on p.41 of E R Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press 1983
• Smaller colour reproduction as a JPEG
• Version as an animated gif due to Aaron Walburg and Stephen Hartzog (1996).
• Version comparing this with Hannibal's march through Spain and Italy.
• Re-visions of Minard by Michael Friendly
• The life of Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870). A translation of Minard's obituary by Dawn Finley. Source: V. Chevallier, "Notice nécrologique sur M. Minard, inspecteur gén&eacutte;ral des ponts et chaussées, en retraite," Annales des ponts et chaussées 2 (1871), 1-22 (with some links).

Moivre - see De Moivre, Abraham, 1667-1754

• Diverse Problems concerning the game of Treize (extracted from Essay D'analyse sur les jeux de hazard, 2nd edn 1713, pp. 130-143).
• A problem concerning Pharaon: To determine generally the advantage of the banker relative to the punter (extracted from Essay D'analyse sur les jeux de hazard, 2nd edn 1713, pp. 77-104).
• Correspondence of Nicholas Bernoulli concerning the St Petersburg game with Montmort, Daniel Bernoulli and Cramer. (1713-1732).
• Essay D'analyse sur les Jeux de Hazard (2nd edn), 1713.
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• The coxcomb diagram
• The coxcomb diagram (eps file)
• Florence Nightingale's mathematical education
• The Florence Nightingale Museum
• Florence Nightingale's statistical diagrams
• The passionate statistician
• Biography from St Andrews University site
• Biography

• Correspondence with Blaise Pascal, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Pascal's Wager, pdf file or LaTeX source
  • Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia
• Traité du triangle arithmétique
• Biography from St Andrews University site
• Biography of Pascal by W W Rouse Ball

• Places relating to Edgeworth, Jevons, Fisher, Pearson and Marx
• Review of R A Fisher's Statistical Methods for Research Workers by E S Pearson
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Papers on de Moivre by Karl Pearson and R.C. Archibald, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. Note on Reproductive Selection, by Karl Pearson, communicated by F Galton (paper in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 59 (1896), 398-402) (pdf file)
• Karl Pearson archival material at University College London
• Karl Pearson: A reader's guide by John Aldrich
• The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton by Karl Pearson, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 1 1914, Vol. 2 1923, Vols 3A and 3B 1930 (Full text in PDF Format)
• Obituary of Francis Galton by Karl Pearson [?] (from Nature 85 (1911), 440-445), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Places relating to Edgeworth, Jevons, Fisher, Pearson and Marx
• A L Bowley, Elements of Statistics, Part II, Chapter X (a Pearsonian approach to chi-squared), pdf file or LaTeX source
• University College London: Karl Pearson Papers
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Biography of Petty by Claudia von Collani
• Brief lives of statisticians (Graunt, Halley and Petty), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Places relating to Bayes, Price, Simpson, Petty and others
• Political Arithmetick
• Economic Writings of Sir Williaqm Petty with Natural and Political OBSERVATIONS Mentioned in a following INDEX, and made upon the Bills of Mortality digitized by Google
• Various works of Sir William Petty

• Exports and imports of Scotland from William Playfair, The Commercial and Political Atlas, London 1786, reprinted with The Statistical Breviary Cambridge 2005, reproduced on p.33 of E R Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press 1983.
• Chart showing at one view the price of the quarter of wheat and the wages of labour by the week.
• Spence, I. & Wainer, H (1997) Who was Playfair?, Chance 10 (1997), 35-37.
• Biography
• Reprint of Playfair's Commercial and Political Atlas and Statistical Breviary

• Calcul des probabilités (2 ème édition, 1912)
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• The Northampton Life Table from R Price, Observations on reversionary payments : on schemes for providing annuities for widows, and for persons in old age: on the method of calculating the values of assurances on lives: and on the national debt, (4th edn) (2 vols), London: T Cadell 1783.
• The Northampton Life Table in a form to be read by the R program
• Places relating to Bayes, Price, Simpson, Petty and others
• Biography from St Andrews University site

Price, Richard, 1723-1791

• Article on Richard Price, Bayes' theorem and God pdf from Significance 10 (1) (2013), 36-39

• Anonymous Review of On Man and the Developement of his Faculties from The Athenaeum for 8, 15 and 29 August 1835, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Review of Instructions Populaires sur le Calcul des Probabilités from Dubline Review 2 (1837), 338-354 and 3, 237-248 by Augustus De Morgan, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés ou Essai de physique sociale. (1835).
• A Treatise on Man, and the Development of His Faculties
• Gottinger Digitalisierungs-Zentrum: Various periodical articles can easily be found by a Simple Search by Author.
• Hankins, Frank Hamilton, Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Truth and probability
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statisticians Revolutionized Science in the 20th Century (2001).

• Dicing with Death: Chance, Risk and Health (2003).

• Advantages of the Mean (1757), pdf file or LaTeX source
• Figure from above article (gif) or Figure from above article (eps)
• Places relating to Bayes, Price, Simpson, Petty and others
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• John Snow: Life and work by Ralph R Frerichs
• John Snow's Cholera Map
• The Life and Times of John Snow
• On the Mode of Communication of Cholera

• "General intelligence," objectively determined and measured, American Journal of Psychology 15 (1904), 201-293
• Biography with some links

"Student"- see Gosset, William Sealy, 1876-1937

Tchebysheff, Pavnutii Lvovich 1821-1894 - see Chebyshev, Pavnutii Lvovich 1821-1894

Todhunter, Isaac, 1820-1884

• Isaac Todhunter from Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century by A Macfarlane, pdf file or LaTeX source
• A history of the mathematical theory of probability : from the time of Pascal to that of Laplace
• Biography from St Andrews University site

Tukey, John Wilder 1915-2000

• Obituary in The New York Times for 28 July 2000 by Davis Leonhardt
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• The Logic of Chance
• Biography from St Andrews University site

• Treatise on Life Annuities, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Biography of de Witt by Robert Gibbes Barnwell, pdf file or LaTeX source
• Biography from St Andrews University site

Wright, Carroll Davidson 1840-1909

• Report from New York Times, 25 January 1896, p. 15, pdf file or LaTeX source

Click here for portraits of statisticians

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Substantial revision 13 July 2011 Minor revision 4 September 2014