![Figure 1: Bravais's geometric discovery of the normal surface [Reprinted from Walker, 1929]](images/normalsurface.jpg){kind=link}
Gaulter, Henry
- Chart [or map] shewing the succession, places & mode of origin
of the first 200 cases of the Cholera in Manchester, from
The origin and progress of the malignant cholera in Manchester, considered chiefly in their bearing on the contagiousness and secondary causes of the disease, London 1833. Chart reduced to 1/4 size or Chart in greater detail. - The entire book can be found online at http://archive.org/details/originandprogre00gaulgoog
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 1777-1855
- Application of the Method of Least Squares to the Elements of the Planet Pallas, pdf file or LaTeX source
- On the Determination of the Precision of Observations (Zeitschrift für Astronomie und Vervandte Wissenschaften, Volume I, page 185), pdf file or LaTeX source
- Application of Calculus of Probabilities to a Problem in Practical Geometry (Extract from a letter of Gauss to Schumacher, Astronomische Nachrichten), Vol.1, p.80, pdf file or LaTeX source
- On the Chronometric Determination of Longitude (Astronomische Nachrichten, Volume V, page 227), pdf file or LaTeX source
- Gottinger Digitalisierungs-Zentrum: The Collected Works (and much else) can easily be found by a Simple Search by Author.
- Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Gosset, William Sealy ("Student"), 1876-1937
- The probable error of a mean [Paper on the t-test], Biometrika 6 (1908), pp. 1-25, pdf file or LaTeX source
- Diagram I Diagram II Diagram III Diagram IV (gif files)
- Diagram I Diagram II Diagram III Diagram IV (eps files)
- Review of R A Fisher's Statistical Methods for Research Workers by "Student" (William Sealy Gosset)
- Biography from St Andrews University site
- Obituary by R A Fisher from Annals of Eugenics 9 (1939), 1-9
Graunt, John, 1620-1674
- Biography of Graunt by Richard S Westfall
- Brief lives of statisticians (Graunt, Halley and Petty), pdf file or LaTeX source
- Natural and Political OBSERVATIONS Mentioned in a following INDEX, and made upon the Bills of Mortality digitized by Ed Stephan
- Natural and Political OBSERVATIONS Mentioned in a following INDEX, and made upon the Bills of Mortality digitized by Google (with the Economic Writings of Sir Williaqm Petty)
- Other infomation on Graunt assembled by Ed Stephan
- Biography on Ed Stephan's site
Hald, Anders, 1913-2007
- Anders Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and their applications before 1750, New York, etc.: Wiley 1986.
- Anders Hald, A History of Mathematical Statistics from 1750 to 1930, New York, etc.: Wiley 1998.
- Anders Hald, A history of parametric statistical inference from Bernoulli to Fisher, 1713-1935, New York, etc.: Springer, 2007.
- Obituaries
Halley, Edmund, 1656-1742
- "An estimate of the degrees of the mortality of mankind, drawn from curious tables of the births and funerals at the city of Breslaw; with an attempt to ascertain the price of annuities upon lives" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 17 (1693), 596-610 and 654-656. Reprinted, edited with an introduction by L.J. Reid, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press 1942, pdf file (original paper) and pdf file ("Some further considerations") or LaTeX source of both parts
- First figure from the above papers (gif) or First figure from the above papers (eps)
- Second figure from the above papers (gif) or Second figure from the above papers (eps)
- Tables from the above paper or in a form for input to R or S-Plus.
- Lexis diagram as file using the figures in Halley's paper and program for submission to the R program or to S-plus to produce it. For an explanation, see A Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and their Applications before 1750, New York, etc: Wiley 1990.
- Version edited by Matthias Böhne
- Biography from Wikipedia
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Hankins, Frank Hamilton, 1877-1970
Helmert, Friedrich Robert, 1814-1917
- The Calculation of the Probable Error from the Squares of the Adjusted Direct Observations of Equal Precision and Fechner's Formula pdf file or LaTeX source (translation from Annotated Readings in the History of Statistics edited by H A David and A W F Edwards of Die Genauigkeit der Formel von Peters zur Berechnung des wahrscheinlichen Fehlers directer Beobachtungen gleicher Genauigkeit, Astronomische Nachrichten 88 (1876), columns 113-132. Columns 120-124 translated by H A David.
- Die Ausgleichsrechnung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate
- Biography
Hotelling, Harold, 1895-1973
- The teaching of statistics and probability, Statistical Science 3 (1) (1988), 63-71 reprinted from Annals of Mathematical Statistics 11 (1940), 457-470.
- The place of statistics in the university, Statistical Science 3 (1) (1988), 72-83 reprinted from Proceedings of the Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability (ed. J Neyman), Berkeley: California U. Press 1949, pp. 21-40.
- Comment: Academic politics and the teaching of statistics, Statistical Science 3 (1) (1988), 92-95
- Harold Hotelling 1895-1973 by Adrian C Darnell Statistical Science 3 (1) (1988), 57-62.
Huygens, Christiaan, 1625-1695
- Libellus de Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae, (1714 translation by W Browne) (reprint) pdf file or LaTeX source
- Libellus de Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae, (1714 translation by W Browne) (original form) pdf file
- Biography from St Andrews University site
- Oeuvres Complètes
Jeffreys, Sir Harold, 1891-1989
- Detailed table of contents of Theory of Probability, (much fuller than in the book itself) pdf file or LaTeX source
- Harold Jeffreys as a Statistician
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Jevons, William Stanley, 1835-1882
King, Gregory, 1648-1712
Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich, 1903-1987
Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 1736-1813
- Sur l'integration d'une Équation Différentielle à différence finies qui contient la théorie des suites récurrentes, Miscellanea Taurinesia, T. 1, 1759.
- Recherches sur le suites récurrentes ..., Nouvelles Mémoires de l'Académie royales des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin, 1775.1.
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 1728-1777
Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de, 1749-1827
- Review of Laplace by Augustus De Morgan, Dublin Review 2 (1837), 338-354 & 3 (1838), 237-248, pdf file or LaTeX source
- Théorie Analytique des Probabilités
- Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilités (1814 edn from Google)
- Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilités (1840 edn from Toronto)
- Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (from Google)
- Exposition du système du monde
- System of the World (from Google)
- Exposition du Système du Monde (from Google)
- Trésors et raretés : une Anthologie virtuelle des collections
- Laplace's Memoir on the probability of the causes of events (Mémoire sur les probabiliés des causes par les évènements) Mémoires de l'Academie royale des sciences de Paris (1774), 634-656.
- Mémoires sur les approximations des formules qui sont fonctions de très grands nombres, suite (English translation), Mémoires de l'Academie royale des sciences de Paris (1783).
- Various contributions by Laplace are available via the website of Richard L Puskamp.
- Biography from St Andrews University site
- Biography from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edn, 1908) by W W Rouse Ball
- Entry from the Catholic Encyclopedia
Legendre, Adrien-Marie, 1752-1833
- On Least Squares, from Nouvelles Méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes (1805), pdf file or LaTeX source
- Nouvelles Méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes avec un supplément contenant divers perfectionnemens et leur application aux deux comètes de 1805 (1806), Appendice: Sur la Méthode des moindres quarrés pdf file
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Lexis, Wilhelm, 1837-1914
- Lexis diagram as file using the figures in Halley's paper and program for submission to the R program or to S-plus to produce it. For an explanation, see A Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and their Applications before 1750, New York, etc: Wiley 1990.
- Contributions from the margins. Dutch statisticians, actuaries and medical doctors and the methods of demography in the time of Wilhelm Lexis by Henk A Gans and Frans von Poppel
Macfarlane, Alexander, 1851-1913
- Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century, New York: Wiley and London: Chapman and Hall 1916. George Peacock, Augustus De Morgan, Sir William Rowan Hamilton, George Boole, Arthur Cayley, William Kingdom Clifford, Henry John Stephen Smith, John Joseph Sylvester, Thomas Penyngton Kirkman, Isaac Todhunter.
Mackay, Thomas, 1849-1912
- Letter on ‘National Pensions’ to The National Observer in 1891; LaTeX source.
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 1766-1834
Markov (= Markoff), Andrei Andreevich
1856-1922Michaelis, G
Minard, Charles Joseph, 1781-1870
- Napoleon's army in Russia (gif) or Napoleon's army in Russia (eps) file from E J Marey, La Méthode Graphique (Paris 1885), p.73, reproduced on p.41 of E R Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press 1983
- Smaller colour reproduction as a JPEG
- Version as an animated gif due to Aaron Walburg and Stephen Hartzog (1996).
- Version comparing this with Hannibal's march through Spain and Italy.
- Re-visions of Minard by Michael Friendly
- The life of Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870). A translation of Minard's obituary by Dawn Finley. Source: V. Chevallier, "Notice nécrologique sur M. Minard, inspecteur gén&eacutte;ral des ponts et chaussées, en retraite," Annales des ponts et chaussées 2 (1871), 1-22 (with some links).
Moivre - see De Moivre, Abraham, 1667-1754
Montmort, Pierre Rémond de, 1678-1711
- Diverse Problems concerning the game of Treize (extracted from Essay D'analyse sur les jeux de hazard, 2nd edn 1713, pp. 130-143).
- A problem concerning Pharaon: To determine generally the advantage of the banker relative to the punter (extracted from Essay D'analyse sur les jeux de hazard, 2nd edn 1713, pp. 77-104).
- Correspondence of Nicholas Bernoulli concerning the St Petersburg game with Montmort, Daniel Bernoulli and Cramer. (1713-1732).
- Essay D'analyse sur les Jeux de Hazard (2nd edn), 1713.
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Nightingale, Florence, 1820-1910
Pascal, Blaise, 1623-1662
- Correspondence with Blaise Pascal, pdf file or LaTeX source
- Pascal's Wager, pdf file or LaTeX source
- Traité du triangle arithmétique
- Biography from St Andrews University site
- Biography of Pascal by W W Rouse Ball
Pearson, Egon Sharpe, 1895-1980
Pearson, Karl, 1857-1936
- Papers on de Moivre by Karl Pearson and R.C. Archibald, pdf file or LaTeX source
- Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. Note on Reproductive Selection, by Karl Pearson, communicated by F Galton (paper in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 59 (1896), 398-402) (pdf file)
- Karl Pearson archival material at University College London
- Karl Pearson: A reader's guide by John Aldrich
- The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton by Karl Pearson, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 1 1914, Vol. 2 1923, Vols 3A and 3B 1930 (Full text in PDF Format)
- Obituary of Francis Galton by Karl Pearson [?] (from Nature 85 (1911), 440-445), pdf file or LaTeX source
- Places relating to Edgeworth, Jevons, Fisher, Pearson and Marx
- A L Bowley, Elements of Statistics, Part II, Chapter X (a Pearsonian approach to chi-squared), pdf file or LaTeX source
- University College London: Karl Pearson Papers
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Petty, William, 1623-1687
- Biography of Petty by Claudia von Collani
- Brief lives of statisticians (Graunt, Halley and Petty), pdf file or LaTeX source
- Places relating to Bayes, Price, Simpson, Petty and others
- Political Arithmetick
- Economic Writings of Sir Williaqm Petty with Natural and Political OBSERVATIONS Mentioned in a following INDEX, and made upon the Bills of Mortality digitized by Google
- Various works of Sir William Petty
Playfair, William, 1759-1823
- Exports and imports of Scotland from William Playfair, The Commercial and Political Atlas, London 1786, reprinted with The Statistical Breviary Cambridge 2005, reproduced on p.33 of E R Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press 1983.
- Chart showing at one view the price of the quarter of wheat and the wages of labour by the week.
- Spence, I. & Wainer, H (1997) Who was Playfair?, Chance 10 (1997), 35-37.
- Biography
- Reprint of Playfair's Commercial and Political Atlas and Statistical Breviary
Poincaré, Jules Henri, 1822-1900
- Calcul des probabilités (2 ème édition, 1912)
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Price, Richard, 1723-1791
- The Northampton Life Table from R Price, Observations on reversionary payments : on schemes for providing annuities for widows, and for persons in old age: on the method of calculating the values of assurances on lives: and on the national debt, (4th edn) (2 vols), London: T Cadell 1783.
- The Northampton Life Table in a form to be read by the R program
- Places relating to Bayes, Price, Simpson, Petty and others
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Price, Richard, 1723-1791
- Article on Richard Price, Bayes' theorem and God pdf from Significance 10 (1) (2013), 36-39
Quetelet, Adolphe, 1796-1874
- Anonymous Review of On Man and the Developement of his Faculties from The Athenaeum for 8, 15 and 29 August 1835, pdf file or LaTeX source
- Review of Instructions Populaires sur le Calcul des Probabilités from Dubline Review 2 (1837), 338-354 and 3, 237-248 by Augustus De Morgan, pdf file or LaTeX source
- Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés ou Essai de physique sociale. (1835).
- A Treatise on Man, and the Development of His Faculties
- Gottinger Digitalisierungs-Zentrum: Various periodical articles can easily be found by a Simple Search by Author.
- Hankins, Frank Hamilton, Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Ramsey, Frank Plumpton, 1903-1930
Salsburg, David
Senn, Stephen
Simpson, Thomas, 1710-1761
Snow, John, 1813-1858
Spearman, Charles, 1863-1945
- "General intelligence," objectively determined and measured, American Journal of Psychology 15 (1904), 201-293
- Biography with some links
"Student"- see Gosset, William Sealy, 1876-1937
Tchebysheff, Pavnutii Lvovich 1821-1894 - see Chebyshev, Pavnutii Lvovich 1821-1894
Todhunter, Isaac, 1820-1884
- Isaac Todhunter from Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century by A Macfarlane, pdf file or LaTeX source
- A history of the mathematical theory of probability : from the time of Pascal to that of Laplace
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Tukey, John Wilder 1915-2000
Venn, John, 1834-1923
de Witt, Jan, 1625-1672
- Treatise on Life Annuities, pdf file or LaTeX source
- Biography of de Witt by Robert Gibbes Barnwell, pdf file or LaTeX source
- Biography from St Andrews University site
Wright, Carroll Davidson 1840-1909
- Report from New York Times, 25 January 1896, p. 15, pdf file or LaTeX source
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This page is maintained by Peter M Lee
Substantial revision 13 July 2011 Minor revision 4 September 2014