Data science and analytics
Data scientists and analysts typically gather and transform raw data into more meaningful information that can be used by organisations to improve and develop business.
Although the roles of data scientists and data analysts may overlap, there are some distinctions between the two. Data scientists develop tools and methods to gather data, creating algorithms and systems to mine data, make predictions and solve complex problems. Data analysts generally analyse existing data, interpreting and communicating the data to facilitate strategic decision making. Both are likely to use programming and database querying languages, such as R, Python and SQL. Data scientists need a higher level of proficiency in programming, together with knowledge of machine learning, AI, data engineering and the ability to tackle more complex problems; they are more likely than data analysts to have a postgraduate qualification. For more on the different roles, see the profiles in Key resources below.
With more businesses relying on data to make decisions, data scientists and analysts are key in helping companies grow and develop. While the sector attracts graduates mainly from STEM subjects including mathematics, computer science, and engineering, there are also openings for those from a non-tech background who have the passion and aptitude to acquire the relevant skills. This career path offers competitive salaries and exciting opportunities for growth, with roles available across a range of industries and organisations.
Government digital and data profession capability framework
The framework includes job profiles giving a good indication of the range of roles, both in and outside of government eg
- Analytics engineer
- Data analyst
- Data engineer
- Data ethicist
- Data governance manager
- Data scientist
- Machine learning engineer
- Performance analyst
Prospects job profiles
Industry insights
- Prospects: overview of the UK’s IT industry
- Data Science Jobs: industry insights (2025)
- Data Career insights - short profiles, career paths, insights and tips
- Masters in Data Science (US site) has careers information on the different roles in data science and data analysis
Skills
Key skills for a career in data analytics include:
- Technical Skills: understanding of programming languages and analytic software, such as Python, R, and SQL, Excel and Tableau.
- Mathematical and Statistical Knowledge: Understanding of statistics, probability, and algebra.
- Machine Learning: Familiarity with machine learning techniques and algorithms.
- Data Manipulation: Changing or organising data to make it easier to understand and use
- Communication Skills to explain complex concepts to non-technical stakeholders, as well as team working and collaboration
- Data visualisation, visual representation
- Problem-solving, analytical and critical thinking and attention to detail.
Data scientists are likely to need similar skills as well as:
- Technical skills; programming languages at a more advanced level. Share your coding skills and projects on GitHub.
- Advanced Mathematics and statistics
- Machine learning techniques, data modelling, data engineering
Make sure you read job descriptions carefully to check the level of qualification and skills required.
Short courses, tutorials and bootcamps
- DataCamp: blogs, tutorials, podcasts, resources for learning data science skills (not UK-specific; you may need to create an account to access some of the resources).
- Prospects: Where can I study an online data science course?
- Some organisations offer free training followed by a guaranteed 2 year job - check the terms and conditions carefully, there may be a substantial financial penalty if you leave for another job before completing the two years’ employment.
- S2DS bootcamps offer five week, intensive project-based training in data science and AI for graduates with an MSc or PhD in an analytical science subject. The full-time, online programme costs £950 (Jan 2025) and has a competitive application process.
Investigate any bootcamps and training carefully so you have a clear idea of costs and likely outcomes. See also the section below: What can I do at York?
There is demand for data scientists and analysts across a range of sectors, including finance, research, health, retail, academia and government. All kinds of organisations need to use data for effective decision making and to drive improvement. Here are some examples to give you an idea of the range of roles available:
- Bioinformatics and Health Informatics jobs involve the application of IT to manage and organise huge quantities of data generated by research, particularly by the increasing number of bioinformatics academic programmes such as the Human Genome Mapping Project. The Biohealthmatics website provides an insight into the work. The NHS Management Training scheme has specialisms including Health Analysis and Health Informatics. Prospects: How to get started in Health Informatics
- Health Data Research UK careers in health data science
- Cheminformatics: an in-depth guide for beginners
- Government/Civil Service: The Civil Service Fast Stream includes the Digital Fast Stream, Cyber Security, and the Government Statistical Service, among others. Graduates can also be recruited into Assistant Statistician and Data Analyst roles through the general Civil Service Jobs site. The Government Digital and Data Profession Capability Framework provides information about digital, data and technology roles in government, and the skills required. The Analysis Function Career Framework outlines analysis functions, learning and career progression for analysis roles across government.
- Heritage and communities: Organisations working in heritage and social impact are increasingly using data for planning and to measure impact. For example, five10twelve have developed Arts Council England Culture and Place Data Explorer and Cultural Placemaking; OCSI (Oxford Consultants for Social Inclusion) research, data and analysis for social good. Archaeology Data Service (ADS) is the leading accredited repository in the UK for archaeology and historic environment data.
- Internships: You can find internships in data science and analytics with tech companies and other organisations, generally available to penultimate year students.
- Search on Handshake, Ratemyplacement, and company websites
- Gradcracker - filter by subject area, and placements/internships
- Health Data Science Black Internship Programme
- York Internships
- Projects: Work on personal or academic projects to apply data science techniques.
- Competitions: Participate in competitions like Kaggle to test your skills against others. DrivenData offers data science competitions with social impact and Data Camp helps you to sharpen your skills on real-world experience with competitions (US based).
- Networking: Tech Show London is an annual event in March, with five technology shows including Data Centre World, and Big Data and AI (free registration).
You may find work in this sector through a graduate scheme or by applying for direct entry roles (see the Graduate jobs page for an explanation of different graduate jobs and application timelines).
Graduate schemes in data science / data analytics are offered by organisations across a range of different sectors, including (2025 entry):
- Deloitte, EY, KPMG, PwC
- Barclays, NatWest, Lloyds Banking Group, Moodys Insurance
- Severn Trent, Sky, Morrisons, Asda
- South Wales Police, Transport for London, Ryanair
- AstraZeneca, GSK, NHS Graduate Management Trainee Scheme
Note these are examples to give an idea of opportunities available, and some schemes have closed for applications. Explore organisations you are interested in, and read job descriptions carefully for the skills and level of qualification required. Graduate schemes are most likely to recruit from a Bachelors degree; some also welcome Masters applicants. Some more specialist vacancies require a Masters or PhD.
Health data science black internship programme summer internships for Black heritage current students or recent graduates
Job sites include:
Societies
- York AI society
- Cybersoc - IT page
- HackSoc - Computer Science society
Courses and events
- National Careers Service: The skills toolkit - free courses from employers, FutureLearn, the Open University
- Institute of Coding
- Courses from Kaggle (US platform)
- KDnuggets American site with blogs and tutorials
- Prospects: Where can I study an online data science course?
- Data Science Festival: Explore blogs for an idea of the range of careers in data science, access monthly webinars, and sign up (ballot application) for the annual festival in May
- Digdata: online challenges and career events
York profiles and mentors
- Data engineer (SPSW)
- Senior performance analyst, Sky UK (Management)
- Consulting Analyst, The Information Lab / Data School (Law)
- Data Analyst intern, HelloSoda (Language and Linguistic Science)
Podcasts and blogs
- Flirting with Algorithms, with Harpal Sahota from our What do you actually do? Podcast series
- Science to Data Science and Beyond!: Interviews with 1000+ S2DS alumni about their career journeys from academia to data science.
- Becoming a data analyst Medium/Code like a girl blog