Studying at York
Individuality & Its Roots - EDU00078M
Module will run
| Occurrence | Teaching period |
|---|---|
| A | Autumn Term 2022-23 |
Module aims
This module aims to build students’ knowledge and understanding of how and why individuals vary in their cognitive ability, personality, motivation and interests. Over the course of the module we will introduce students to what is currently known about biological bases of behaviour, such as the brain and the genome, and discuss the relevance of behavioural genetics and neuroscience to psychology and education, exploring recent studies and debates in these fields.
Students will also engage with the differential psychology literature and will be supported in developing their knowledge and understanding of psychological constructs such as intelligence and personality. They will be exposed to, and engage with, the many debates that exist around the definition and measurement of such constructs. The knowledge acquired during this module will be used as a base for exploring the importance of individual differences in educational contexts.
Module learning outcomes
Subject content
By the end of this module students will have developed:
- Broad knowledge, and a nuanced understanding, of key theories and empirical research in biological psychology.
- Confidence in their capacity to explain what is known about biological and environmental influences on human traits and behaviours.
- Ability to identify key structures of the brain and genome, and awareness of new developments in these areas.
- A knowledge base that will allow them to explore and debate the key features of educational neuroscience and behavioural genetics, and their implications.
- Broad knowledge, and a nuanced understanding, of key theories and research in individual differences psychology.
- Knowledge and skills necessary to consider and question theories and measures of intelligence, personality, motivation and interests.
- Confidence to discuss the relevance of individual differences theories to education, with reference to a range of theoretical and empirical evidence.
Academic and graduate skills
Students will learn how to:
- Formulate and present a persuasive, articulate academic argument that is well supported and well structured.
- Synthesise research and theory from biological, behavioural and social science literature.
- Critically evaluate research for reliability and validity, and explore implications for education.
- Discuss, with reference to evidence, the ethics of applying genetic and neuroscientific research to education.
Module content
The module content is structured so that it incrementally builds up students’ knowledge of biological and differential psychology to the extent that they will be in a strong position to consider their relevance to education by the end of the module.
Students will be taught in weekly 2 hour lectures. The following outline is representative of the lectures that will be given but may be subject to small changes.
Session 1 – What are biological and differential psychology? An overview.
- Biological bases of behaviour at biochemical, cellular, physiological, genetic/genomic and evolutionary levels
- The nature of differential psychology
- Biological approaches to studying psychological phenomena and to intervention and treatment (contextual example: Ritalin and ADHD)
Session 2 – What is personality?
- Evolution
- Genetic and environmental influences
- Measurement and psychological testing
Session 3 – What is intelligence?
- Measurement and psychological testing
- Genetic and environmental influences on variation
Session 4: Group differences in intelligence
- Group differences in intelligence (sex, race and SES)
- Ethical implications of studying group differences in intelligence
Session 5: Positive Education
- Individual differences in mindset and grit
- Positive education as a strategy to support wellbeing
Students will be asked to engage with a wide variety of materials both before and after these lectures, to support their in-class engagement and understanding. These will include pre-reading, narrated powerpoints, blogs and online discussions. Students will also be supported to carry out practical activities in class and in Theory Into Practice sessions e.g. dissection, guided microscopy work and the taking, administration and interpretation of personality and intelligence tests.
Session 6 – Introduction to neuroscience
- Neuroanatomy – neurones and brains, relating structures to functions
- Electrical and chemical transmission, neurotransmitters and hormones (contextual example: stress)
Session 7 – Neuropsychology and neuroimaging
- Lessons from brain-injured patients (contextual example: understanding numeracy)
- A critical focus on neuroimaging
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Session 8 – Biological Influences in Adolescence
- Puberty
- Neuroplasticity (contextual example: social development)
- Sleep (contextual example: school start times)
Session 9 – Introduction to the genome – its influence and its evolution
- Introducing the structure and function of the genome
- Heritability, twin studies and the nature-nurture debate
- Introductory socio-biology and evolutionary psychology (contextual example: social interaction and theory of mind)
Indicative assessment
| Task | % of module mark |
|---|---|
| Open Examination | 100 |
Special assessment rules
None
Indicative reassessment
| Task | % of module mark |
|---|---|
| Open Examination | 100 |
Module feedback
Written feedback on assignment report sheet and face-to-face feedback in supervisions. The feedback is returned to students in line with university policy. Please check the Guide to Assessment, Standards, Marking and Feedback for more information.
Indicative reading
Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2016). Personality and individual differences. John Wiley & Sons.
Blakemore, S.J. & Frith, U. (2005). The Learning Brain: Lessons for Education. Wiley-Blackwell.
Mareschal, D., Butterworth, B., & Tolmie, A. (Eds.). (2013). Educational neuroscience. John Wiley & Sons.
Maltby, J., Day, L., & Macaskill, A. (2010). Personality, individual differences and intelligence. Pearson Education.
Asbury, K. & Plomin, R. (2013). G is for Genes: The Impact of Genetics on Education. Wiley-Blackwell.