I graduated in psychology from UCL, and after an MA at Princeton, joined the MRC Applied Psychology Unit in Cambridge, where I completed a PhD. After several years on the scientific staff of the APU I moved to the U of Sussex in Experimental Psychology, then to a chair at Stirling university, before returning to the APU as Director. Some 21 years later I moved to Bristol University for 8 years before joining the York department in 2003.
My interests are in human memory, neuropsychology and in the practical application of cognitive psychology.
My interests are in human memory, neuropsychology and in the practical application of cognitive psychology.
Memory Research Group
Baddeley, A.D. (2018). Working Memories: Postmen, Divers and the Cognitive Revolution. London: Routledge.
Baddeley, A. (2018). Exploring Working Memory. Selected works of Alan Baddeley. London: Routledge
Baddeley, A. D., Eysenck, M., & Anderson, M. C. (2014). Memory (2nd ed.). Hove: Psychology Press.
Published Tests
Stamate, A., Logie, R.H., Baddeley, A.D. & Della Sala, S. (2020) Forgetting in Alzheimer’s disease: Is it fast? Is it affected by repeated retrieval? Neuropsychologia, .doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107351. [Epub ahead of print]
Guazzo, F., Allen, R.J., Baddeley, A.D. & Della Sala, S. (Jan 2020). Unimodal and Crossmodal working memory binding is not differentially affected by age or Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology. doi: 10.1037/neu0000622. [Epub ahead of print]
Allen R, Kemp S, Morson S, Wells C, Grindheim K, Baddeley A. (2019 in press). Does telephone testing of long-term memory retention and forgetting influence performance in young and older adults? An examination using the Crimes Test. The Neuropsychologist.ISSN 2396-8540
Hitch, G.J., Allen, R.J. & Baddeley, A.D. (2020). Attention and binding in visual working memory: Two forms of attention and two kinds of buffer storage. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 82, 280-293. doi 10.3758/s13414-019-01837-x
Mattys, S. & Baddeley, A.D. (2019). Working memory and second-language accent acquisition. Applied Cognitive Psychology.
Baddeley, A.D., Hitch, G.J. & Allen, R.J. (2019). From short-term store to multicomponent working memory: The role of the modal model. Memory & Cognition, Special Issue, 47, 575-588 doi: 10.3758/s13421-018-0878-5.
Baddeley, A. (2015) Origins of the multicomponent working memory model. In M. Eysenck & D. Groome (Eds). Cognitive psychology: Revisiting the classic studies. London: Sage.
Vredeveldt, A., Hitch, G.J., & Baddeley, A.D. (2011). Eye-Closure helps memory by reducing cognitive load and enhancing visualisation. Memory & Cognition 2011 Apr 14. DOI 10.3758/s13421-011-0098-8
Andrade, J. & Baddeley, A. (2011). The contribution of phonological short-term memory to artificial grammar learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, iFirst, 1-15 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2010.533440
Baddeley, A.D., Allen, R.J., & Hitch, G.J. (2011). Binding in visual working memory: The role of the episodic buffer. Neuropsychologia, 49, 1393-1400
Jarrold, C., Tam, H., Baddeley, A. D., & Harvey, C. E. (2011). How does processing affect storage in working memory tasks? Evidence for both domain-general and domain-specific effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2011 Feb 14. DOI:10.1037/a0022527
Ueno, T., Mate, J., Allen, R.J., Hitch, G.J. & Baddeley, A.D. (2010). What goes through the gate? Exploring interference with visual feature binding. Neuropsychologia. 2010 Dec 23. (Epub ahead of print).
Ueno, T., Baddeley, A., Hitch, G. & Saito, S. (2011) Disruption of visual feature binding in working memory. Memory & Cognition, 39, 12-23.
Jarrold, C., Tam,. Baddeley, A.D. & Harvey, C. E. (2010) The nature and the position of processing determines why forgetting occurs in working memory tasks. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 772-777.
Baddeley, A., Allen, R.J., & Hitch, G.J. (2010) Investigating the episodic buffer. Psychologica Belgica, 50, 223-243.
Tam, H., Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A.D. & Sabatos-DeVito, M. (2010) The development of memory maintenance: Children’s use of phonological rehearsal and attentional refreshment in working memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107, 306-324.
Karlson, P., Allen, R. J., Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (2010). Binding across space and time in visual working memory. Memory and Cognition, 38 , 292-303.
Williamson. V., Mitchell, T., Hitch, G., & Baddeley, A. (2010) Musicians’ memory for language and music in conditions of irrelevant sound. Psychology of Music. 38(3), 331- 351
Williamson, V. Baddeley, A. & Hitch, G. (2010) Musicians’ and nonmusicians’ short-term memory for verbal and musical sequences: Comparing phonological similarity and pitch proximity. Memory and Cognition, 38, 163-175.
Baddeley, A.D. & Hitch, G.J. (2010) Working memory. Scholarpedia 5(2 ), 3015.
Baddeley, A.D. (2010) Working memory. Current Biology 20, 136-140.
Baddeley, A.D., Allen, R.J. & Vargha-Khadem, F. (2010) Is the hippocampus necessary for visual and verbal binding in working memory? Neuropsychologia 48, 1089-1095
Baddeley, A.D. (2010). Long-term and working memory: How do they interact? In Lars Bäckman and Lars Nyberg (Eds), Memory, aging and the brain: a festschrift in honour of Lars-Göran Nilsson. (pp. 18-30). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Baddeley, A.D (2009) Psychology in the 1950s: a personal view. In P.Rabbitt (Ed) Inside Psychology: A science over 50 years. (pp 27-35) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A.D. (2009) Foreword What’s it for? Why ask? Applied Cognitive Psychology 23, 1045-1049.
Baddeley, A.D., Hitch, G.J., Allen, R.J. (2009) Working memory and binding in sentence recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 61 , 438-456.
Wing, A.M. & Baddeley, A.D. (2009). Righting errors in writing errors: The Wing and Baddeley (1980) spelling corpus revisited. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26, 223-226.
Brandt. K.R., Gardiner, J.M., Vargha-Khadem, F., Baddeley, A.D. and Mishkin, M. (2009) Selective impairment of recollection but not familiarity in a case of developmental amnesia. Neurocase, 15(1), 60-65.
Allen, R.J., Hitch, G.J. & Baddeley, A.D. (2009). Cross-modal binding and working memory. Visual Cognition, 17, 83-102.
Wing, A.M. & Baddeley, A.D. (2009). Righting errors in writing errors: The Wing and Baddeley (1980) spelling corpus revisited. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26, 223-226.
Laine, M., Tuokkola, T., Hiltunen, J., Vorobyev, V, Bliss, I., Baddeley, A., & Rinne, J.O. (2009) Central executive function in mild cognitive impairment: A PET activation study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, 33-40.
Campoy, G. & Baddeley, A.D. (2008) Phonological and semantic strategies in immediate serial recall. Memory, 16, 329-340.
Gardiner, J.M., Brandt. K.R., Baddeley, A.D., Vargha-Khadem, F., and Mishkin, M. (2008) Charting the acquisition of semantic knowledge in a case of development amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 46, 2865-2868.
Williams, H.L., Conway, M.A., & Baddeley, A.D. (2008) The boundaries of episodic memories. In T.F. Shipley & J. M. Zacks (Eds) Understanding events from perception to action. (pp 589-616) New York: Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A. D. (2008) What's new in working memory? Psychology Review, 13, 2-5.
Baddeley, A. & Jarrold, C.(2007). Working memory and Down Syndrome. Journal of Intellectural Disability Research, 51, 925-931.
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (2007). Working memory: Past, present…and future? In N.Osaka, R. Logie & M. D’Esposito (Eds), Working Memory - Behavioural & Neural Correlates. Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A.D. & Larsen, J.D. (2007). The phonological loop: Some answers and some questions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60 (4), 512-518
Baddeley, A. D., & Larsen, J. D. (2007). The phonological loop unmasked? A comment on the evidence for a “perceptual-gestural” alternative. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 497-504.
Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A. D., & Phillips, C. (2007). Long-term memory for verbal and visual information in Down syndrome and Williams syndrome: Performance on the doors and people test. Cortex, 43, 233-247.
Jarrold, C., Phillips, C., & Baddeley, A. D. (2007). Binding of visual and spatial short-term memory in Williams syndrome and in moderate learning disability. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 270-273.
Baddeley, A.D. (2007) Working memory: Multiple models, multiple mechanisms. In H.L Roediger, Y.Dudai, S,M, Fitzpatrick (Eds) Science of Memory: Concepts. (pp 151-153) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Birkett, P. Brindley, A., Norman, P., Harrison, G., Baddeley, A. (2006) Control of attention and central executive function in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 579-588
Rossi-Arnaud, C., Pieroni, L., & Baddeley, A. D. (2006). Symmetry and binding in visuo-spatial working memory. Neuroscience, 139, 393-400.
Allen, R.J., Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G.J. (2006) Is the binding of visual features in working memory resource-demanding? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 298-313
Gardiner, J.M., Brandt, K.R., Vargha-Khadem, F., Baddeley, A.D., & Mishkin, M. (2006) Effects of Level Processing but not of Task Enactment on Recognition Memory in a Case of Developmental Amnesia. Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 930-948
Baddeley, A.D. (2006) Working memory: an overview. In Pickering S. Working Memory and Education. (p1-31) New York: Academic Press
Repovs, G., & Baddeley, A.D. (2006) Multi-component model of working memory: explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience Special Issue, 139, 5-21
Spooner, A. L. R., Gathercole, S, E., & Baddeley, A. D. (2006) Does weak reading comprehension reflect an integration deficit? Journal of Research in Reading, 29 (2), pp 173-193
Postle, B.R., Idzikowski, C., Della Sala, S., Logie, R.H. & Baddeley, A.D. (2006) The selective disruption of spatial working memory by eye movements. Quarterly Journal of Psychology A, 59(1), 100-120.
Bayliss, D.M., Jarrold, C., Baddeley. & Leigh, E. (2005) Differential constraints on the working memory and reading abilities of individuals with learning difficulties and typically developing children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 92 (1), 76-99.
Bayliss, D.M., Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A.D., Gunn, D.M. & Leigh, E. (2005) Mapping the developmental constraints on working memory in span performance. Developmental Psychology, 41, 579-597.
Lobley, K.J., Baddeley, A.D. & Gathercole, S.E. (2005) Phonological similarity effect in verbal complex span. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58A, 1462-1478.
Bayliss, D., Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A., & Gunn, D. (2005) The relationship between short-term memory and working memory: Complex span made simple. Memory, 13 (3-4), 414-421.
Baddeley, A.D., Baddeley, H., Chincotta, D., Luzzi, S. & Meikle, C. (2005) Working memory and aging. In J. Duncan, L. Phillips & P. McLeod (eds) Measuring the Mind Speed, Control, and Age. (p293-316) Oxford University Press.
Jeffries, E., Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Baddeley, A. D. (2004). Automatic and controlled processing in sentence recall: The role of long-term and working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 623 -643.
Logie, R.H., Cocchini, S., Della Sala, S., & Baddeley, A. (2004) Is there a specific capacity for dual task co-ordination? Evidence from Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuropsychology, 18(3), 504-513
Norris, D., Baddeley, A.D., Page, M.P.A. (2004) Retroactive effects of irrelevant speech on serial recall from short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 30(5), 1093-1105.
Saito, S., & Baddeley, A.D. (2004) Irrelevant sound disrupts speech production: Exploring the relationship between short-term memory and experimentally induced slips of the tongue. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57A (7): 1309-1340.
Spooner, A., Baddeley, A.D., & Gathercole, S.E. (2004) Can reading accuracy and comprehension be separated in the Neale Analysis of reading ability? British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74: 187-204.
Phillips, C.E., Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A., Grant, J., & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2004). Comprehension of spatial language terms in Williams syndrome: Evidence for an interaction between domains of strength and weakness. Cortex. 40: 85-10.
Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A.D., Hewes, A.K., Leeke, T., & Phillips, C. (2004) What links verbal short-term memory performance and vocabulary level? Evidence of changing relationships among individuals with learning disability. Journal of Memory and Language, 50: 134-148.
Bayliss, D., Jarrold, C., Gunn, D.M., & Baddeley, A.D. (2003). The complexities of complex span; Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132: 71-92.
Baddeley, A.D. (2003) Double dissociation: Not magic but still useful. Cortex 39: 129-131.
Gisselgard, J., Petersson, K.M., Baddeley, A. & Ingvar, M. (2003) The irrelevant speech effect: A PET study. Neuropsychologia, 41 (14): 1899-1911.
Birkett, P., Brindley, A.J., & Baddeley, A.D. (2003) Attention and divided attention in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 60 (1): 125-125.
Larsen, J. & Baddeley, A.D. (2003) The disruption of STM: A response to our commentators. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 56 (8): 1301-1306.
Larsen, J. & Baddeley, A.D. (2003) Disruption of verbal STM by irrelevant speech, articulatory suppression and manual tapping: Do they have a common source? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 56 (8): 1249-1268.
Baddeley, A.D. (2003) Working Memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4 (10): 829-839.
Cowan, N., Baddeley, A.D., Elliott, E.M., & Norris, J. (2003) List composition and the word length effect in immediate recall: A comparison of localist and globalist assumptions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10 (1): 74-79.
Baddeley, A.D. (2003) Working memory and language: An overview. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36 (3): 189-208.
Clare, L., Baddeley, A.D., Moniz-Cook, E., & Woods, B (2003) A quiet revolution. The Psychologist, 16 (5): 250-254.
Bayliss, D.M., Jarrold, C., Gunn, D.M., & Baddeley, A.D. (2003) The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132 (1): 71-92.
Baddeley AD. (2002) Is working memory still working? European Psychologist, 7 (2): 85-97. Reprinted from American Psychologist; 56 (11): 851-64.
Cocchini, G., Logie, R.H., Della Sala, S. & Baddeley, A.D. (2002) Concurrent performance of two memory tasks: Evidence for domain-specific working memory systems. Memory & Cognition, 30 (7): 1086-1095.
Baddeley, A.D. (2002) The psychology of memory. In: A. D. Baddeley, B. A. Wilson & M. Kopelman (Eds.) Handbook of Memory Disorders, 2nd Edition. Hove: Psychology Press. pp3-15.
Jukes, M.C.H., Nokes, K., Alcock, K.J., Lambo, J.K., Kihamia, C., Ngorosho, N., Lorri, W., Yona, E., Mwanri, L., Baddeley, A.D., Hall, A.D., & Bundy, D.A.P. (2002) Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian school children. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 7 (2): 104-117
Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A. D., & Phillips, (2002) Verbal short-term memory in Down syndrome: A problem of memory, audition, or speech? Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45 (3): 531-544.
Baddeley, A. D. (2002) Fractionating the central executive. In: D. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds) Principles of frontal lobe function. New York: Oxford University Press. pp 246-260
Baddeley, A. D., & Wilson, B. (2002) Prose recall and amnesia: Implications for the structure of working memory. Neuropsychologia, 40: 1737-1743.
Baddeley, A. D., Chincotta, D., Stafford, L., & Turk, D. (2002) Is the word length effect in STM entirely attributable to output delay? Evidence from serial recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55A: 353-369.
Baddeley, A.D. (2002) Developmental amnesia: A challenge to current models. In: L. Squires & D. Schacter (Eds.) The Neuropsychology of Memory, 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press. pp 88-96.
Baddeley, A.D. (2001) Levels of working memory. In: M. Naveh-Benjamin, M. Moscovitch & H. L. Roediger (Eds) Perspectives on human memory and cognitive ageing: Essays in honor of Fergus Craik. New York: Psychology Press. pp 111-123.
Baddeley, A. D. (2001) So where should we publish? Cortex, 37: 598-599
Saxton, J. A., Ratcliff, G., Dodge, H., Pandav, R., Baddeley, A., & Ganguli, M. (2001) Speed and capacity of language processing test: Normative data from an older American community-dwelling sample. Applied Neuropsychology, Vol 8 (4): 193-203.
Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G. (2001) Foreword. In: J. Andrade (Ed.) Working memory in context. Hove: Psychology Press.
Baddeley AD. (2001) Is working memory still working? American Psychologist, 56 (11): 851-64.
Baddeley, A.D., Chincotta, D.M. & Adlam, A. (2001) Working memory and the control of action: Evidence from task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130: 641-657.
Baddeley, A.D. (2001) The concept of episodic memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B, 356: 1345-1350.
Baddeley, A.D., Baddeley, H., Wilcock, G. K. & Bucks, R. (2001) Attentional control in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain, 124, 1492-1508
Baddeley, A.D. (2001) Comment on Cowan: The magic number and the episodic buffer. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 117-118.
Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A. D., Hewes, A. K., & Phillips, C. (2001) A longitudinal asessment of diverging verbal and non-verbal abilities in the Williams syndrome phenotype. Cortex, 37, 423-431.
Baddeley, A. D., Vargha-Khadem, F., & Mishkin, M. (2001) Preserved Recognition in a case of Developmental Amnesia: Implications for the Acquisition of Semantic Memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13: 3, 357-369.
Baddeley, A. D. (2001) Memories of memory. In: G. C. Bunn, A. D. Lovie & G. D. Richards (Eds) Psychology in Britain: Historical Essays and Personal Reflections. Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society Books. pp 344-352.
Alcock, K.J., Nokes, K., Ngowi, F., Musabi, C., Mbise, A., Mandali, R., Bundy, D., Baddeley, A. (2000) The development of reading tests for use in a regularly spelt language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 21: (4) 525-555.
Baddeley, A.D. (2000) Working Memory. APA Encyclopedia
Baddeley, A.D. (2000) Selective attention and performance in dangerous environments. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 5, 86-91 (reprinted from British Journal of Psychology, 63, (1972) 537-546.)
Baddeley, A.D. (2000) Working Memory and language processing. In: B. E. Dimitrova & K. Hyltenstam (Eds.) Language Processing and Simultaneous Interpreting: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins Translation Library.
Jarrold, C., Hewes, A. K., & Baddeley, A.D. (2000) Do two separate speech measures constrain verbal short term memory in children? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, (6) 1626-1637
Baddeley, A.D. (2000) The Phonological Loop and the Irrelevant Speech effect: Some Comments on Neath. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 7 (3) 544-549.
Baddeley, A.D. et al (2000) The brain decade in debate: 1. Neurobiology of learning and memory. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 33: 993-1002. (Transcript of internet debate.)
Baddeley, A.D. (2000) Working memory: The interface between memory and cognition. In: M. Gazzaniga (Ed.) Cognitive Neuroscience: A Reader. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. pp 292-304.
Baddeley, A.D. & Hitch, G. (2000) Development of working memory: Should the Pascual-Leone and Baddeley and Hitch models be merged? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77: 128-137.
Baddeley, A.D. (2000) The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 4, 11, 417-423.
Jarrold, C., Hartley, S. J., Phillips, C., & Baddeley, A. D. (2000) Word fluency in Williams syndrome: Evidence for unusual semantic organization. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5, (4) 293-318.
Logie, R.H., Della Sala, S., Wynn, V., & Baddeley, A.D. (2000) Visual similarity effects in immediate serial recall. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53A, 3, 626-646
Wilson, B.A., Watson, P.C., Baddeley, A.D., Emslie, H., & Evans, J.J. (2000) Improvement or simply practice? The effects of twenty repeated assessments on people with and without brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 469-479.
Larsen, J. D., Baddeley, A.D., & Andrade, J. (2000) Phonological Similarity and Irrelevant Speech: Implications for models of short-term verbal memory Memory, 8, 145-157.
Baddeley, A.D., & Andrade, J. (2000) Working memory and the vividness of imagery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 1, 126-145.
Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A. D. & Hewes, A. K. (2000) Verbal short-term Memory Deficits in Down’s Syndrome: A consequence of problems in rehearsal. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, (2), 233-244.
Evans, J.J., Wilson, B.A., Schuri, U., Baddeley, A.D., Canavan, A., Laaksonen, R., Bruna, O., Lorenzi, L., Della Sala, S., Andrade, J., Green, R., Taussik, I. (2000) A comparison of ‘errorless’ and ‘trial and error’ learning methods for teaching individuals with acquired memory deficits. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 10 (1), 67-101.
Baddeley, A.D. (2000) Bartlett and Applied Psychology. In A. Saito (Ed) Bartlett, Culture & Cognition, Psychology Press, pp 36-45.
Baddeley, A.D. (2000) Short-term and working memory. In E Tulving & F.I.M. Craik (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Memory, New York: Oxford University Press, pp 77-92.