www.paulwatt.com

Accent and Identity on the Scottish/English Border (AISEB)

[back to the main page]

The Scottish linguist A.J. Aitken once wrote that nowhere else in the world are such different kinds of English spoken so close together as on the Scottish/English border. But in fact, little research has been done on the speech patterns of southern Scotland and far northern England. The AISEB project will change this, by studying language variation on both sides - and at both ends - of this national border.

At the eastern end of the border lies the town of Berwick upon Tweed. Berwick has officially been part of England for several centuries, but, as revealed by a recent study carried out by sociologists at the University of Edinburgh (Kiely et al. 2000), national identity among the town's inhabitants is still strangely complex and fluid. Many consider themselves to be unproblematically English, others think of themselves as Scots, and others consider themselves to be both Scottish and English. Some prefer not to opt for any of these labels, and just call themselves Berwickers. Language plays a central role in how Berwickers mark their identities, but it is still unclear which features of pronunciation mark 'Scottishness' and 'Englishness', and which ones are thought of as being specific to Berwick.

The AISEB project will find out what these features are, which groups tend to use them most, and whether they are changing. This will be done by recording and analysing the speech of local residents in detail, and also by measuring how people perceive different linguistic variants. In the same interviews, we will investigate people's identities and atttitudes about nation and language.

We will conduct interviews in Berwick and Carlisle on the English side of the border, and Eyemouth and Gretna on the Scottish side. Our sample, of 40 people in each place, will be balanced between males and females, older and younger people, and members of different social groups.

The AISEB project will advance the field of variationist sociophonetics: the study of pronunciation differences in their social context. At the same time, our work will make connections to related fields, including the study of language and identity, and linguistic border studies.

This research is supported by a grant from the UK Economic and Social Research Council (RES-062-23-0525).

Our project aimed to look at

how closely the linguistic border follows the political border: if you live in England, even close to the border, do you automatically sound 'English', and, if you live in Scotland, do you automatically sound 'Scottish'? And what about places like Berwick, which have been in both Scotland and England at different times?

whether the accents in the border area are becoming more similar or more different, or are staying the same with respect to one another

how accent affects people's perception of someone they don’t know: in each location, we will ask people to listen to recordings, and investigate what accent features make people think 'This is a Scotsman', 'She's from Berwick', and so on.

'who has what accent', in terms of age, gender, socioeconomic class and regional identity

how accent is related to regional identity: if someone is proud of coming from a certain place, is their accent more typical of that place than the accent of someone who is from there but doesn’t see it as a big part of their identity?

Project team

Carmen Llamas (York)
Dominic Watt (York)
Jen Nycz (was York, now Georgetown)
Damien Hall (was York, now Newcastle)
Gerry Docherty (was Newcastle, now Griffith)

Outputs to date

Journal articles and book chapters (most recent first)

Docherty, G.J., Hall, D., Llamas, C., Nycz, J. & Watt, D. (2014, forthcoming). Language and identity on the Scottish/English border. To appear in Watt, D. & Llamas, C. (eds.). Language, Borders and Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Watt, D., Llamas, C. & Johnson, D.E. (2013, forthcoming). Sociolinguistic variation on the Scottish-English border. To appear in Lawson, R. (ed.). Sociolinguistics in Scotland. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Watt, D. (2012). Carlisle. In Hughes, A., Trudgill, P. & Watt, D. Accents of English: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles, 5th edn. London: Hodder Education, pp. 123-127.
Docherty, G.J., Watt, D., Llamas, C., Hall, D. & Nycz, J. (2011). Variation in Voice Onset Time along the Scottish-English border. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Hong Kong, August 2011, pp. 591-594. [available here]
Llamas, C., Watt, D. & Johnson, D.E. (2009). Linguistic accommodation and the salience of national identity markers in a border town. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 28(4): 381-407. [available here]
Llamas, C. (2010). Convergence and divergence across a national border. In Llamas, C. & Watt, D. (eds.). Language and Identities. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 227-236. [see further here]
Watt, D., Llamas, C. & Johnson, D.E. (2010). Levels of linguistic accommodation across a national border. Journal of English Linguistics 38(3): 270-289. [available here]

Conference presentations and invited talks (* = invited talk; ** = keynote paper)

2008

Llamas, C., Johnson, D. & Watt, D. (2008). Rhoticity in four Scottish/English border localities. Sociolinguistics Symposium 17, Amsterdam, Netherlands, April 2008.
*Llamas, C., Watt, D., Johnson, D.E. & Pichler, H. (2008). The salience of national identity markers in a border town: insights from linguistic accommodation. 11th International Conference on Language and Social Psychology, Tucson, Arizona, July 2008.
Llamas, C., Johnson, D.E., Watt, D. & Hall, D. (2008). Variable /r/ use along the Scottish-English border. NWAV (New Ways of Analyzing Variation) 37, Houston, Texas, November 2008 (poster).

2009

Llamas, C., Watt, D., Docherty, G.J., Hall, D. & Nycz, J. (2009). The Scottish/English borderland: phonological production, perception and attitude. International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE) 5, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 2009.
Redinger, D. & Llamas, C. (2009). Innovations in the measurement and analysis of language attitudes. Production, Perception, Attitude Workshop, Leuven, Belgium, April 2009 (poster).
Watt, D., Llamas, C., Docherty, G.J. & Hall, D. (2009). Phonological productions, perceptions and attitudes in the Scottish/English borderland. Production, Perception, Attitude Workshop, Leuven, Belgium, April 2009.
Llamas, C., Watt, D., Docherty, G.J., Hall, D. & Nycz, J. (2009). Variation and change in /r/ in the Scottish/English borderland. 7th UK Language Variation and Change Conference (UKLVC7), Newcastle upon Tyne, September 2009.
**Watt, D. (2009). Rethinking the role of speaker agency. 7th UK Language Variation and Change Conference (UKLVC7), Newcastle upon Tyne, September 2009.
*Watt, D. (2009). Among the most meaningful of sounds: identities, attitudes and /r/ on the Scottish-English border. York St. John University, November 2009.

2010

Docherty, G.J., Hall, D., Llamas, C., Nycz, J. & Watt, D. (2010). Accent and identity on the Scottish/English border. Borders and Identities Conference (BIC2010), Newcastle upon Tyne, January 2010.
*Watt, D. (2010). Accent of birth? Linking phonological variation to attitudes and identities on the Scottish/English border. University of Cambridge, January 2010.
*Llamas, C. (2010). Accent and identity on the Scottish/English border. University of Manchester, February 2010.
Watt, D., Llamas, C., Docherty, G.J., Hall, D. & Nycz, J. (2010). Speaker awareness, differential use of linguistic variables, and the expression of identity. LAUD Cognitive Sociolinguistics Symposium, Landau, Germany, March 2010.
Watt, D., Llamas, C., Docherty, G.J., Nycz, J. & Hall, D. (2010). Voice Onset Time and the Scottish Vowel Length Rule along the Scottish/English border. Conference of the British Association of Academic Phoneticians (BAAP), London, March 2010.
Docherty, G.J., Hall, D., Llamas, C., Nycz, J. & Watt, D. (2010). Linguistic variation, geography, and identity: sound change along a national border. Northern Englishes Workshop (NEW) 4, Sheffield, April 2010.
Docherty, G.J., Hall, D., Llamas, C., Nycz, J. & Watt, D. (2010). Dialect contact and phonological change at the variety and speaker level. Manchester Phonology Meeting (mfm) 18, Manchester, May 2010.
*Hall, D. (2010). Accent and identity on the Scottish-English border. Berwick Civic Society, May 2010.
*Hall, D. (2010). What's the difference between England and Scotland? Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, May 2010.
*Hall, D. (2010). What makes a border a border? Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, June 2010.
*Hall, D. (2010). Accent and identity on the Scottish-English border. Berwick Probus Club, June 2010.
*Hall, D. (2010). What makes a border a border? Newcroft Social Group, Carlisle, September 2010.
*Llamas, C. & Watt, D. (2010). Language, borders and identities: investigating phonological variation, attitudes and perceptions on the Scottish/English border. Cardiff University, October 2010.
*Llamas, C. & Watt, D. (2010). Just a line on a map? Accent and identities on the Scottish/English border. Roland Bibby Memorial Lecture, Northumbrian Language Society, Morpeth, October 2010.
*Hall, D. (2010). Just a line on a map? Accent and identities on the Scottish/English border. Carlisle and District University of the Third Age, Carlisle, October 2010.
Llamas, C., Watt, D., Docherty, G.J., Hall, D. & Nycz, J. (2010). Linguistic variation and identity: sound change along a national border. Workshop on Sound Change, Barcelona, October 2010.
Watt, D., Llamas, C., Docherty, G.J., Hall, D. & Nycz, J. (2010). The effects of a border: a detailed examination of production, attitude and perception. New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV) 39, San Antonio, Texas, November 2010.
*Docherty, G.J. (2010). Contact, change and conundrums: a case study of phonological variation along the English-Scottish border. Sociophonetics at the Crossroads of Speech Variation, Processing and Communication. Pisa, Italy, December 2010.

2011

*Llamas, C. & Watt, D. (2011). English, Scottish, British? Phonological variation and national identity groupings on the Scottish-English border. University of Lancaster, February 2011.
*Docherty, G.J. (2011). Variation and speech processing: the challenge of sociophonetic variation. Variation and Language Processing (VaLP) 2011, Chester, April 2011.
Docherty, G.J., Llamas, C., Watt, D., Hall, D. & Nycz, J. (2011). Perspectives on the perceptual evaluation of sociophonetic variation. 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), June 2011.
Docherty, G.J., Watt, D., Llamas, C., Hall, D. & Nycz, J. (2011). Variation in Voice Onset Time along the Scottish-English border. 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Hong Kong, China, August 2011. [proceedings article available here]
*Watt, D. (2011). 'A "dialect island"? Phonological variation, social attitudes and perceptions of (r) on the Scottish/ English border. Copenhagen Sociolinguistics Circle, November 2011.
*Docherty, G.J. (2011). Discussion paper (following Francis Nolan, Phonetic degrees of freedom: an argument for native speakers in LADO). ESRC LADO (Language Analysis for Determination of Origin) seminar, University of Essex, November 2011.
Llamas C., Watt, D. & Docherty, G.J. (2011). The socioindexical properties of (r) in the Scottish-English border region. r'-atics-3, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, December 2011.

2012

Watt, D., Llamas, C. & Docherty, G.J. (2012). Probing the social-indexical properties of rhoticity in the Scottish-English border region. Phonologie de l’Anglais Contemporain (PAC), Toulouse, February 2012.
Watt, D., Llamas, C., Docherty, G.J., Fabricius, A.H. & Kendall, T. (2012). Interaction of merging vowels and derhotacisation in Borders English. Conference of the British Association of Academic Phoneticians (BAAP), Leeds, March 2012.
Docherty, G.J., Llamas, C. & Watt, D. (2012). Production and perception of a salient phonetic feature: /r/ and identity in Northern Britain. Conference of the British Association of Academic Phoneticians (BAAP), Leeds, March 2012.
*Watt, D. (2012). Sociophonetics. International Summer School on Forensic Linguistic Analysis, Barcelona, July 2012.

2013

**Watt, D. (2013). Crossing lines and building bridges: What AISEB can tell us about accent and identity at international borders. 2nd Borders and Identities Conference (BIC2013), Rijeka, Croatia, March 2013.
**Llamas, C. (2013). Title TBC. 3rd Undergraduate Linguistics Association of Britain (ULAB) Conference, York, April 2013.
**Llamas, C. (2013). Identifying places: borders, boundaries and hinterlands. A Sense of Place: Studies in Language and Region (Symposium in Honour of Prof. Joan Beal), Sheffield, April 2013.

Media appearances

Hall, D. Radio interview on BBC Radio Cumbria, 21st October 2010.

References

Aitken, A.J. (1992). Scots. In McArthur, T. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 893-899.
Kiely, R., McCrone, D., Stewart, R. & Bechhofer, F. (2000). Debatable land: national and local identity in a border town. Sociological Research Online 5(2). [link]