Forensic speech science is the application of linguistics, phonetics and acoustics to legal investigations and proceedings.
Speaker comparison is the most common task in forensic speech analysis. It involves the comparison of speech patterns to assess the possibility of identity or non-identity of voices. Comparison is made by examining the phonetic, linguistic and acoustic components of the speech, and may be supplemented by automated procedures using speaker recognition technology.
Voices are highly variable, and comparison can be a very complex matter.
Applications
- David Bieber Convicted Leeds killer
- Glenn Mulcaire News of the World editor
Disputed utterance examination involves analysis of problematic sections of recordings to determine what was said. There may be dispute, for example, because of noisy conditions, overlapping speech, accents, dialects, or even language.
Enhancement may be carried out to assist in this kind of work. Enhancement involves applying digital filters and dynamic processors to recordings to reduce background noise and improve intelligibility of speech.
Applications
- EgyptAir flight 990 Plane crash investigation
- Rodney King Assault investigation
Profiling involves analysis of recordings of unknown speakers to gain information about the regional and social background of the speaker.
Background noise may also provide information about where and when the recording was made.
Applications
- Yorkshire Ripper Hoax tape
- Language testing In asylum claims
Sometimes voice evidence can be crucial in a case even when it has not been recorded. A witness may have heard a voice but not seen the face of the speaker, for example if receiving abusive phone calls, witnessing a crime in the dark, or encountering masked robbers.
It is now generally accepted that witnesses must undergo formal testing in order to demonstrate their ability to recognise a particular voice. This is usually done via the construction of a voice "identification parade" in which the witness is asked to identify the criminal's voice within a group of foils.
Forensic speech analysts are also involved in general experimental work to test recognition and recall of voices.
Applications
- Scott Carroll South Shore rapist
- Lindbergh kidnapping
Authentication involves examining recordings for evidence of editing or tampering, or assessing whether a recording has been made on a particular machine.
Applications
- Gloria Arroyo Philippines president
- Rose Mary Woods In the Watergate scandal
Some forensic cases involve analysis of recordings of non-speech sounds such as gun shots, machine noise or coughs.
In other cases sound propagation tests may be carried out, for example to assess whether a particular sound would have been audible to a witness at a particular location.
Applications
- Who Wants to be a Millionaire Coughing fraud case
- Lynette White Murder investigation